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Commercial genetic testing company

FamilyTreeDNA
Industry Genealogical Dna testing
Founded 2000
Founder Bennett Greenspan, Max Blankfeld, and Jim Warren[1]
Headquarters Houston, United states

Expanse served

 International
Parent MYDNA Inc.
Website www.familytreedna.com world wide web.mydna.life

FamilyTreeDNA is a sectionalisation of Gene past Cistron, a commercial genetic testing company based in Houston, Texas. FamilyTreeDNA offers analysis of autosomal Dna, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA to individuals for genealogical purpose. With a database of more than than two million records, information technology is the well-nigh popular company worldwide for Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA, and the fourth virtually popular for autosomal Dna. In Europe, it is the most common also for autosomal Dna.[2] [3] FamilyTreeDNA as a division of Gene by Gene were acquired by MYDNA, Inc., an Australian visitor in January 2021.[4]

History [edit]

Concept and founding (2000–2002) [edit]

FamilyTreeDNA was founded based on an idea conceived by Bennett Greenspan, a lifelong entrepreneur and genealogy enthusiast. In 1999, Greenspan had entered semi-retirement and was working on his family history. He began work on his female parent's Nitz lineage.[5] [6] [vii] When faced with a roadblock in his work, he remembered ii cases of genetics being used to prove ancestry that had recently been covered by the media. These were a study by University of Arizona researchers showing that many Cohen men from both Ashkenazic and Sephardic groups share the same Y-chromosome[8] and a study that showed that male descendants of a paternal uncle of United states President Thomas Jefferson (who presumably shared his Y-chromosome) and male-line descendants of his freed slave Emerge Hemings shared the same Y-chromosome and a recent common ancestry.[9]

Greenspan had both Nitz cousins in California and had discovered someone in Argentina with the same ancestral surname and the same ancestral location in Eastern Europe. Wishing to utilize the aforementioned method of DNA comparison for his ain genealogy, he contacted Dr. Michael Hammer at the Academy of Arizona. Greenspan discovered that academic labs did not offering testing straight to the public and that in general straight to consumer testing for genealogy was not commercially available either. Their conversation inspired him to start a company dedicated to using genetics to solve genealogy bug.[7] [10] [11]

Information technology was early 2000 when Greenspan with his business organisation partners Max Blankfeld and Jim Warren officially launched FamilyTreeDNA.[1] Initially, the Arizona Research Labs at the University of Arizona performed all testing for FamilyTreeDNA. FamilyTreeDNA includes among its scientific staff, Dr. Michael Hammer (PhD), i of a team of scientists that kickoff published on the Cohen Modal Haplotype in 1997 in the journal Nature.[eight]

FamilyTreeDNA began with a proof in concept group of twenty-four that returned results in January. They began by offering 12 Y-chromosome STR marker tests much like those used in many scientific publications of the time in March 2000. FamilyTreeDNA became widely known for its Y-chromosome STR testing for the Cohen Modal Haplotype.[12]

Soon, they were offer not only DNA tests simply an interface past which defended genealogists could run surname research studies. The beginning person to create such a projection through the FamilyTreeDNA site was Doug Mumma, hence it was called the Mumma project.[12]

Early testing (2000–2006) [edit]

The starting time tests offered past FamilyTreeDNA were Y-chromosome STR and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tests like those used by published academic studies at the time.[thirteen]

FamilyTreeDNA's initial Y-chromosome tests were described as xi marker tests. They eventually began to phone call this a 12 STR marking test every bit 1 of the STRS (DYS385) almost ever had 2 copies. This they billed as a method to affirm or disprove a genealogical connection on the direct paternal line.[ citation needed ]

FamilyTreeDNA'due south showtime mtDNA tests were for HVR1 (hypervariable region 1) of the mtDNA.[ commendation needed ] Somewhen, they added a Plus test that tested for both HVR1 and HVR2.[ commendation needed ]

In the early days, they did not confirm haplogroups for either mtDNA or Y-Dna.[ citation needed ]

Opening of the Genomics Enquiry Center [edit]

In 2006, FamilyTreeDNA bought out the assets of DNA-Fingerprint, which was a German paternity testing company that offered à la carte testing to the genetic genealogy testing community. With this buyout, Thomas and Astrid Krahn, who had owned DNA-Fingerprint, moved to Houston, Texas, and helped open up the Genomics Research Center.[ citation needed ]

The Genomics Enquiry Center initially did testing for many of the same products that had been sold by Dna-Fingerprint. They began to offer individual and panels of Y-chromosome SNP tests using Sanger testing methods. They likewise offered the mtDNA total genome test and upgrades to it using the Sanger testing method.[ commendation needed ]

Soon came the launch of the Walk Through the Y (WTY) test. The WTY exam offered the virtually audacious of citizen scientists the adventure to seek the discovery of new Y-chromosome SNPs.[14]

Meanwhile, virtually testing continued to be done at the University of Arizona lab. The demand for additional test types led Greenspan and Blankfeld to movement all testing to their ain testing lab in Houston, Texas nether the Genealogy past Genetics, Ltd. parent company.[1]

Partnerships [edit]

Between 2007 and 2010, FamilyTreeDNA forged several new partnerships that immune them to admission additional international markets.

iGENEA

The showtime of FamilyTreeDNA'southward new partnerships was with the Switzerland-based iGENEA company. It was formed aslope the closing of DNA-Fingerprint and Thomas Krahn's helping open the Genomic Research Center in Houston. Their website is available in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.[fifteen] [16]

African Deoxyribonucleic acid

In belatedly 2007, Henry Louis Gates created African Deoxyribonucleic acid in partnership with FamilyTreeDNA to assistance promote genetic testing for personal ancestry amid African Americans.[17]

Deoxyribonucleic acid Ancestry & Family Origin

Dna Ancestry & Family unit Origin Dna Ancestry & Family Origin is a genetic genealogy testing partnership betwixt FamilyTreeDNA and Eastern Biotech & Life Sciences. Their website is available in both English language and Arabic.[18]

MyHeritage

In November 2008, a dynamic partnership with MyHeritage was launched, allowing users to incorporate DNA testing and advanced family tree technologies into their family history research. MyHeritage is a website offer online, mobile and software platforms for discovering, preserving and sharing family history worldwide.[xix]

Acquisition by MYDNA, Inc. (2021) [edit]

In January 2021 it was appear that MYDNA, Inc. a Melbourne, Australia, genomics company, had acquired Family Tree DNA and its parent company Cistron by Factor.[4] MYDNA, Inc has historically specialized in pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics.[xx] Dr Lior Rauchberger commenced his part as CEO of MYDNA, Inc immediately. While Gene past Gene co-founders Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld joined the MYDNA, Inc Board of Directors.

DNA testing products [edit]

Autosomal DNA testing [edit]

In May 2010, FamilyTreeDNA launched an autosomal microarray chip based DNA test. They called the new production Family Finder. The initial production used an Affymetrix microarray flake, simply FamilyTreeDNA changed to the Illumina OmniExpress chip and retested all customers who had results from the Affymetrix chip for forward compatibility.[21]

Family Finder allows customers to match relatives as distant as about fifth cousins. Family Finder also includes a component called myOrigins. The results of this test provide percentages of a Dna associated with general regions or specific ethnic groups (due east.thousand. Western Europe, Asia, Jewish, Native American, etc.). Notably, unlike other testing companies, they chose to strip out markers for mendelian medical issues,[22] [23] [24] mtDNA results, and Y-DNA SNP results.

Y-Deoxyribonucleic acid testing [edit]

The company markets a range of Y-DNA tests. The Y-chromosome is inherited from father to son, so testers tin discover relatives with the same patrilineage. In many cultures these relatives volition often share the aforementioned surname, since surnames are as well inherited father to son. These tests cover 37-111 STR markers depending on the test, and vary in price according to the number of markers covered.[21] Once an individual has tested at least 12 STR markers,[25] he may accept the "Big Y" test. Big Y tests approximately twenty,000 SNPs.

mtDNA testing [edit]

FamilyTreeDNA besides sells mtDNA testing, offer the pick of either a express hypervariable region exam, or a full sequence test of the entire mitochondrial DNA chromosome.[21]

Genographic Project [edit]

FamilyTreeDNA staff were instrumental in developing the Geno 2.0 Next Generation product for the 2nd phase of the Genographic Projection.[26] Geno 2.0 samples for both public and scientific report were run at the Genomics Research Center in Houston, Texas (operated by FamilyTreeDNA's parent company, Gene past Cistron, Ltd.) until 2016, when Geno ii.0 began utilizing Helix for DNA sequencing.[27] [28]

Factor by Gene [edit]

In September 2012, Greenspan and Blankfeld restructured FamilyTreeDNA's parent visitor, Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. This included their renaming Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. as Gene past Gene, Ltd.[29] [30] [31] [32] After restructuring, the business organisation consisted of four divisions, i of these beingness FamilyTreeDNA for genealogical DNA tests. It is Cistron by Gene, Ltd. that operates the Genomics Research Heart (GRC) lab in Houston, Texas.[29] [32] [33] In January 2021, Factor by Gene was acquired by MYDNA Inc. Gene by Gene now works together with MYDNA improving genomics testing for a broad range of clinical and non-clinical services.

Data policy and usage past law enforcement [edit]

In December 2018, FamilyTreeDNA changed its terms of service to allow law enforcement to utilise their service to place suspects of "a violent law-breaking" (defined as child abduction, sexual assault or homicide)[34] or identify the remains of victims. The company confirmed it was working with the FBI on at to the lowest degree a handful of cases.[35] [36] [37] As of March 2019, the visitor instituted a policy assuasive its customers to opt out of police force enforcement access to their genetic data. All customers were automatically opted in to such exposure except those living in the European Spousal relationship who were opted out by default.[38] Law enforcement officers will exist required to go through a more rigorous procedure in guild to access the database, while customers who opt out of allowing the FBI to access their data will even so be able to search for possible relatives equally before. "Users now take the power to opt out of matching with DNA relatives whose accounts are flagged equally being created to place the remains of a deceased individual or a perpetrator of homicide or sexual assail, also referred to equally Constabulary Enforcement Matching (LEM)," the visitor wrote in an e-mail to customers.[39] In May 2019 FamilyTreeDNA prevented admission to its Y-DNA database ysearch.org and its mtDNA information base mitosearch making it more difficult for police enforcement agencies to identify offense suspects.[twoscore] In August 2019, FamilyTreeDNA reported that virtually fifty law enforcement agencies had submitted Dna samples for matching and that nearly 150 cases had been submitted.[34] By jump 2020, simply around 3% of about 2 meg users have opted out.[41] By August 2020, the company helped solve at least 27 cases.[42]

List of arrest or identifications made with FamilyTreeDna [edit]

  • In January 2019, California law arrested Kevin Konther for the brutal rape of a ix-twelvemonth-old daughter in Lake Woods 1995 and a 31-year-old woman at Mission Viejo, California in 1998 and said they had used FamilyTreeDNA services and genetic genealogy techniques to help place him.[43] Konther has an identical twin brother, and the Dna contour had initially implicated both men, but further detective investigation led authorities to release the blood brother and focus on Konther every bit their principal doubtable. He was also defendant of Molesting a 12-year-one-time daughter between Jan 2002 and December 2003.[44]
  • In February 2019, FamilyTreeDNA helped constabulary with the arrest of James Neal for the July 6, 1973 abduction and murder by strangulation of xi-year-old schoolgirl Linda O'Keefe in Newport Beach, California as well as multiple sexual assaults against other children.[45] He pleaded not guilty and faced a maximum judgement of 82 years to life in country prison if convicted. However Neal died while in custody in July 2020 from an disease earlier he could be tried.[46] [47]
  • In February 2019, Jerry Westrom was arrested as the suspect behind the 1993 murder of Jeanne Ann Childs in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[48] In an interview after his arrest, Westrom denied being in the apartment. He said he did not know the victim, and said he did not have sex with any women in Minneapolis in 1993. When confronted with the DNA bear witness, he told investigators he had no idea why his Deoxyribonucleic acid would exist present at that scene. Westrom's trial is currently set up for March 28, 2022.[49] [50] [51] [52] [53]
  • Michael A. Soares was arrested in February 2019 for the murder of John Fay, 66, a jogger, in Warwick, Rhode Island in 2013. Police had used Family Tree DNA to narrow downwardly the doubtable to Soares.[48] Fay had been ambushed with a hammer.[54]
  • In April 2019, Law Enforcement working with Family unit Tree DNA Positively identified the remains of two young women found in oil fields in 1986 and 1991 in an area known as the "Texas Killing Fields" virtually League City, Texas.[55] They were 30-yr-one-time Audrey Lee Cook and 34-twelvemonth-former female parent of two Donna Prudhomme.[56]
  • In May 2019, Christopher VanBuskirk was arrested in Goodyear Arizona for the sexual assaults of six women at knife-betoken from 1995 to 2004 in San Diego and Riverside Counties, California. He had been identified with the help of the FBI Forensic Genetic Genealogy Team and Family Tree DNA. VanBuskirk originally pled not guilty to the crimes and faced 190 years to life in prison, withal inverse his plea to guilty in Dec 2019, and was sentenced on February 20, 2020, to 50 years to life in prison house.[57] [58] [59] [60] [61] Vanbskirk is currently incarcerated in the California Institution for Men and is currently eligible for parole in February 2038.[62]
  • In August 2019, Ralph Bortree was arrested in Ohio for a July 31, 1993, rape and attempted murder of a 19-year-old woman. the DNA profile was also matched to a May 23, 1992 kidnapping and rape of another xix-twelvemonth-old woman. Other evidence links him to two like attacks on women on July 22, 1993 and May 24, 1995.[63] [64] [65] Bortree cannot exist charged with rape, kidnapping or attempted kidnapping or rape due to the states 20 year statute of limitations for those crimes so the prosecution only charged him with one count of attempted murder. The defense argued that the statue has expired for that crime equally well. However the gauge ruled confronting the motion and Bortree was found guilty of Attempted Aggravated Murder at trial in Nov 2020 and was sentenced to 11 years in prison on December 18.[66] [67] [68] [69] [70] Bortree is currently imprisoned in the Richland Correctional Institution.[71]
  • In September 2019, Donald Perea was posthumously identified as the 1981 rapist and murderer of 18-year old Jeannie Moore in Jefferson county Colorado. Perea was previously convicted of a different rape that also took place in 1981. He could not be arrested due to his death in 2012.[72] [73]
  • In September 2019, Marker Douglas Burns was identified and arrested every bit a suspect in ix rapes that took place in Wyoming and Utah between 1991 and 2001. According to Barbara Rae-Venter the example took over a year and a half and was one of the most hard ones to solve as Marking was adopted and the building where his records were located burned to the ground. Burns is now also suspected of committing the 2001 Wyoming murder of 28-year-sometime Sue Ellen Higgins, Burns initially pled not guilty but later changed his plea to guilty.[74] In Apr 2020, Burns was sentenced to a full of 242 years in prison for the rapes and in December 2020, Burns was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the murder of Sue Ellen Higgins.[75] [76] [77] [78] [79] Burns is imprisoned in the Utah Country Prison.[80]
  • In February 2020, Michael Green was arrested for the 1985 murder of 54-year old Jane Hylton in El Dorado Hills, California. Green was initially not named since he was a juvenile at the time of the murder. Ricky Davis was previously convicted of the murder and had been sentenced to 16 years to life of which he had served 14 years when he was exonerated and the new suspect arrested. Davis is the start person in California, and the 2nd in the United States, to be exonerated due to the use of genetic genealogy. Christopher Tapp, a man in Idaho was convicted for the 1996 rape and murder of Angie Dodge but was exonerated with the help of genetic genealogy in 2019 subsequently spending 22 years in jail.[81] [82] [83]
  • In February 2020, Deborah Riddle O' Conner was arrested for the murder of a "Babe Michael" in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1999.[84]
  • In April 2020, James Raymond Taylor was identified as the Aug. 18, 1963 rapist and murderer of sixteen-year old Margaret "Peggy" Beck about Deckers, Colorado.[85]
  • In May 2020, Angelo Alleano Jr., a firefighter, was arrested for four burglaries and sexual assaults that occurred betwixt 2001 and 2008 in Manchester and Vernon, Connecticut.[86] [87] [88]
  • In May 2020, Christopher Lovrien was charged with the murder of Mark Dribin in Portland, Oregon in 1999.[89]
  • In July 2020, Lesa Lopez was arrested in Salida, California for the murder of her newborn baby male child who was found expressionless on May 15, 1988 in Castro Valley.[xc] [91]
  • In October 2020, a skull and other remains of a man found in a wooded area in Giddings, Texas were identified as James Fifty. Hamm. The Dna Doe Projection had been investigating the case since June 2019, and had uploaded his DNA to both FamilyTreeDNA and GEDMatch.[92] Hamm's matches were notably much poorer on GEDMatch, and Hamm's blood brother, Eugene, was constitute on FamilyTreeDNA in June 2020. Later on DNA comparison, the remains in Texas were conclusively identified as Hamm.[93]
  • In November 2021, Kenneth Robert Stough, Jr was arrested for the murder of 31-year old Terence Paquette who was plant stabbed to expiry at the Lil' Champ convenience store n Orlando, Florida.[94]

See also [edit]

  • Genetic genealogy
    • Ancient DNA
    • Genealogical DNA test
    • Genetic genealogy
    • Man mitochondrial genetics
    • Phylogenetic tree
    • Short tandem echo
    • Unmarried-nucleotide polymorphism
  • Test types
    • DNA microarray
    • Dna sequencing
    • Polymerase chain reaction
    • Sanger sequencing
  • Test articles
    • Affymetrix
    • Practical Biosystems
    • Illumina
  • Genetic genealogy and anthro-genetics companies
    • 23andMe
    • deCODEme
    • GeneTree
    • Genographic Project
    • International Club of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)
    • Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF)
    • GEDmatch

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External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Famous Haplogroups ISOGG

schwarzwhoon1962.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Tree_DNA

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