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Movements in various forms of fine art and design

Minimalism

Acme: Untitled, by Donald Judd, concrete sculpture, 1991, Israel Museum Centre: The SANAA Building [de] Essen, Germany, 2005–2006, by SANAA Bottom: Firm no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest, Romania, probably belatedly 2010s, unknown builder
Years active	1960s–present

In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World State of war II Western art, virtually strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella.^{[1] [two]} The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and modernism; it anticipated gimmicky postminimal fine art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives.

Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of La Monte Immature, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Drinking glass, Julius Eastman, and John Adams. The term minimalist frequently colloquially refers to anything that is spare or stripped to its essentials. Information technology has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the auto designs of Colin Chapman. The word was showtime used in English in the early 20th century to draw a 1915 limerick past the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich, Black Square.^[3]

Visual arts [edit]

Minimalism in visual fine art, mostly referred to every bit "minimal art", "literalist art"^[four] and "ABC Art",^[five] emerged in New York in the early on 1960s equally new and older artists moved toward geometric abstraction; exploring via painting in the cases of Nassos Daphnis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Ryman and others; and sculpture in the works of diverse artists including David Smith and Anthony Caro. Judd's sculpture was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, equally were Flavin's showtime fluorescent light works, while other leading Manhattan galleries similar Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on geometric abstraction.

In a more than wide and general sense, one finds European roots of minimalism in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus, in the works of Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement, and the Russian Constructivist motion, and in the piece of work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.^{[6] [7]}

Minimal art is as well inspired in part by the paintings of Barnett Newman, Advertising Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists every bit diverse as Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Giorgio Morandi, and others. Minimalism was too a reaction confronting the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s.^[viii]

Yves Klein had painted monochromes as early equally 1949, and held the offset private exhibition of this work in 1950—but his first public showing was the publication of the Artist'due south book Yves: Peintures in November 1954.^{[nine] [10]}

Design, compages, and spaces [edit]

The term minimalism is also used to describe a tendency in design and architecture, wherein the subject field is reduced to its necessary elements.^{[ commendation needed ]} Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connectedness between two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of 3-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.^{[ according to whom? ] [ citation needed ]} Minimalist compages became pop in the late 1980s in London and New York,^[xi] where architects and manner designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large space with minimum objects and furniture.

Minimalistic design has been highly influenced past Japanese traditional design and architecture.^{[ citation needed ]} The works of De Stijl artists are a major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such equally lines and planes.^{[ citation needed ]} With regard to home blueprint, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger, and use more than expensive edifice materials and finishes.^{[ citation needed ]}

There are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Nippon, for example, minimalist compages began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The design was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advertising, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways."^[12] The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology but also the Japanese experience of constantly having to annihilate structures on business relationship of the devastation wrought by Globe State of war Ii and the earthquakes, including the calamities it entails such as fire. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan by way of another land as it was already role of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Nippon's spirituality and view of nature.^[xiii]

Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) adopted the motto "Less is more than" to describe his artful.^[a] His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for example, designing a floor to also serve equally the radiator, or a massive fireplace to also business firm the bathroom. Designer Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) adopted the engineer's goal of "Doing more with less", but his concerns were oriented toward engineering and engineering rather than aesthetics.^[14]

Concepts and blueprint elements [edit]

The concept of minimalist compages is to strip everything downwards to its essential quality and attain simplicity.^[15] The thought is not completely without ornamentation,^[sixteen] but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a phase where no i tin can remove anything further to meliorate the design.^[17]

The considerations for 'essences' are lite, course, detail of material, space, place, and human condition.^[18] Minimalist architects not simply consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, by listening to the figure and paying attending to details, people, infinite, nature, and materials.,^[19] believing this reveals the abstruse quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such as natural calorie-free, sky, earth, and air. In addition, they "open a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the most essential materials for the construction and create relationships betwixt buildings and sites.^[16]

In minimalist architecture, design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without ornament, simple materials and the repetitions of structures represent a sense of lodge and essential quality.^[20] The movement of natural light in buildings reveals unproblematic and clean spaces.^[18] In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts movement became pop in Britain, people valued the mental attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials.^[21] Minimalist architects humbly 'listen to effigy,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in uncomplicated and common materials.^[xix]

Influences from Japanese tradition [edit]

Ryōan-ji dry garden. The clay wall, which is stained by age with subtle chocolate-brown and orangish tones, reflects "wabi" and the rock garden "sabi", together reflecting the Japanese worldview or aesthetic of "wabi-sabi".^[22]

The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, especially the Japanese traditional culture of Zen Philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen civilisation into aesthetic and design elements for their buildings.^[23] This idea of compages has influenced Western Society, particularly in America since the mid 18th century.^[24] Moreover, it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century.^[17]

Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living.^[17] Simplicity is non only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects.^[25] For instance, the sand garden in Ryoanji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space.^[26]

The Japanese artful principle of Ma refers to empty or open infinite. Information technology removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens upward the infinite. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything downwards to the near essential quality.^[27]

The Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi values the quality of simple and plain objects.^[28] It appreciates the absenteeism of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials.^[29] For case, the Japanese floral fine art, as well known as Ikebana, has the cardinal principle of letting the flower express itself. People cutting off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the constitute. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature.^[30]

Minimalist architects and their works [edit]

The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His blueprint concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to reach thrift and rays of low-cal in space. He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create relationship and order with the buildings.^[31] Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture.^[xiii]

Another Japanese minimalist architect, Kazuyo Sejima, works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa, as SANAA, producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing a particular genre of Japanese Minimalism,^[32] Sejimas delicate, intelligent designs may use white colour, sparse construction sections and transparent elements to create the astounding building type often associated with minimalism. Works include New Museum (2010) New York Urban center, Small Business firm (2000) Tokyo, Firm surrounded By Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo.

In Vitra Conference Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993, the concepts are to bring together the relationships between building, human movement, site and nature. Which every bit ane chief betoken of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the building and site. The building uses the uncomplicated forms of circle and rectangle to contrast the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, at that place is a large mural window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, wind, fourth dimension and nature in space.^[33]

John Pawson is a British minimalist architect; his design concepts are soul, light, and order. He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a point that gets beyond the thought of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials because of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is also attracted by the of import influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy.^[34]

Calvin Klein Madison Artery, New York, 1995–96, is a bazaar that conveys Calvin Klein's ideas of fashion. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this projection are to create simple, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions, such as the air workout and lamps to achieve a sense of purity for interior.^[35]

Alberto Campo Baeza is a Spanish architect and describes his work as essential architecture. He values the concepts of calorie-free, idea and space. Light is essential and achieves the human relationship between inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to meet the function and context of infinite, forms, and construction. Space is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avoid ornament that is not essential.^[36]

Literature [edit]

Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an agile part in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from the author.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Some 1940s-era crime fiction of writers such equally James M. Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose style to considerable effect; some^{[ who? ]} classify this prose mode as minimalism.

Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the metafiction tendency of the 1960s and early 1970s (John Barth, Robert Coover, and William H. Gass). These writers were likewise sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject thing.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during sure periods of their writing careers, include the following: Raymond Carver,^[37] Ann Beattie, Bret Easton Ellis, Charles Bukowski, Ernest Hemingway, M. J. Stevens, Amy Hempel, Bobbie Ann Mason, Tobias Wolff, Grace Paley, Sandra Cisneros, Mary Robison, Frederick Barthelme, Richard Ford, Patrick Holland, Cormac McCarthy, and Alicia Erian.^{[ commendation needed ]}

American poets such as Stephen Crane, William Carlos Williams, early Ezra Pound, Robert Creeley, Robert Grenier, and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist style. The term "minimalism" is also sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, haiku, which originated in Japan, just has been domesticated in English literature past poets such as Nick Virgilio, Raymond Roseliep, and George Swede.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The Irish gaelic writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, as is the Norwegian author Jon Fosse.^[38]

Dimitris Lyacos'southward With the People from the Bridge, combining elliptical monologues with a pared-down prose narrative is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting.^{[39] [40]}

In his novel The Easy Chain, Evan Dara includes a 60-page section written in the manner of musical minimalism, in item inspired by composer Steve Reich. Intending to represent the psychological country (agitation) of the novel's chief graphic symbol, the section'due south successive lines of text are congenital on repetitive and developing phrases.^{[ citation needed ]}

Music [edit]

The term "minimal music" was derived around 1970 past Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier practical to the visual arts.^{[41] [42]} More precisely, it was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used the term, to draw a ten-minute piano composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen, along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at the Institute of Gimmicky Arts in London.^[43]

However, the roots of minimal music are older. In French republic between 1947 and 1948,^[44] Yves Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally The Monotone-Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-infinitesimal silence^{[45] [46]} – a precedent to both La Monte Young's drone music and John Cage's four′33″.

Film and picture palace [edit]

In film, minimalism commonly is associated with filmmakers such as Robert Bresson, Carl Theodor Dreyer, and Yasujirō Ozu. Their films typically tell a uncomplicated story with straightforward photographic camera usage and minimal use of score. Paul Schrader named their kind of cinema: "transcendental cinema".^[47] In the nowadays, a commitment to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in low-budget moving-picture show movements such as Dogme 95 and mumblecore. Abbas Kiarostami^[48] and Elia Suleiman are besides considered creators of minimalistic films.^[49]

The Minimalists – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced the flick Minimalism: A Documentary,^[l] which showcased the idea of minimal living in the mod world.

Software and UI pattern [edit]

In software and user interface design, minimalism describes the usage of fewer design elements, flat design, fewer options and features, and tendentially less occupied screen infinite.

Examples [edit]

Milky way S6

One example is the user interface of the Samsung Galaxy S6,^[51] where many options and items from menus and settings were pruned.

Samsung 2015 stand up-by menu

The update to Android Lollipop removed the shortcuts to "Silent", "Vibration but", and "Audio on" in the stand-by menu.^[52]

iOS seven and Android Lollipop update

The Android Lollipop update (late 2014–2015) practical to both stock Android and TouchWiz UI devices changes the appearance of the user interface, specially the setting menus^[53] of which the employ of icons, border lines, edges, and contrast elements accept been reduced to a minimum. Furthermore, the remaining icons have become less skeumorphistic and more abstruse, adapting to flat pattern language. The density of the elements on the user interface has decreased. There is more whitespace, or unoccupied screen space. Similar changes happened with the update from iOS 6 to iOS 7.

Context menu icons

In 2014, the icons from context menus of Samsung's TouchWiz applications (Samsung Gallery, S Browser, telephone app, etc.) were pruned.

Unavailable options

Prior to Samsung's TouchWiz Nature UX 3.0, card options that are currently unavailable (e.m. "Search for text in folio" in the Internet browser during a page load) were shown, merely grayed out, which has the advantage of informing the user most their being merely that the option is unavailable. Since so, unavailable options are hidden completely, which makes the context menu occupy less screen space, but it might crusade the user to not realize immediately that the feature is unavailable.

Browser's URL bar only shows domain name

Started in Safari browser for iOS and adapted by Samsung'southward "Southward Browser",^[55] some browsers only show the domain name instead of the full URL, fifty-fifty if at that place is spare space in the URL bar.

Instagram website redesign

In June 2015, the layout of Instagram'south website was fully redesigned to resemble the mobile awarding and mobile website, pruning many user interface elements, for case, the slideshow banner.

Skype design overhaul

Another case is the Skype redesign^{[ when? ]}, where many icons from context menus were removed, colour gradients were replaced with apartment colors, and the density of user interface elements was decreased.

In other fields [edit]

Cooking [edit]

Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established every bit orthodox haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine was a culinary motion that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism. It emphasized more basic flavors, careful presentation, and a less involved preparation process. The motility was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s, after which information technology once more gave manner to more traditional haute cuisine, retroactively titled cuisine classique. However, the influence of nouvelle cuisine can withal exist felt through the techniques it introduced.^[56]

Fashion [edit]

The capsule wardrobe is an example of minimalism in way. Constructed of just a few staple pieces that practise non become out of fashion, and generally dominated by merely i or two colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be calorie-free, flexible and adjustable, and can be paired with seasonal pieces when the situation calls for them.^[57] The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates dorsum to the 1970s, and is credited to London bazaar owner Susie Faux. The concept was further popularized in the side by side decade by American fashion designer Donna Karan, who designed a seminal collection of capsule workwear pieces in 1985.^[58]

Science communication [edit]

To portray global warming to non-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins developed warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia.^[sixty] Hawkins explained that "our visual system volition practise the estimation of the stripes without united states of america even thinking about it".^[61]

Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only color to convey meaning.^[62] Color field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have practical to the problem of climatic change and leading ane commentator to remark that the graphics are "fit for the Museum of Modernistic Art or the Getty."^[62]

Encounter also [edit]

• Ceremonial (fine art)
• KISS principle
• Lyrical abstraction
• Neo-minimalism
• Maximalism
• Minimalism (calculating)
• Simple living
• List of minimalist artists

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Run across Johnson 1947. A similar sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer Dieter Rams' motto, "Less but ameliorate."

References [edit]

1. ^ "Christopher Desire, Minimalism, Grove Fine art Online, Oxford Academy Press, 2009". Moma.org. Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
2. ^ "Minimalism". theartstory.org. 2012.
3. ^ "Minimalism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
4. ^ Fried, Michael (June 1967). "Art and Objecthood". Artforum. Vol. 5. pp. 12–23. Reprinted: "Art and Objecthood". Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. University of Chicago Press. 1998. pp. 148–172. ISBN0-226-26318-five.
5. ^ Rose, Barbara. "ABC Art", Art in America 53, no. 5 (October–Nov 1965): 57–69.
6. ^ "Maureen Mullarkey, Art Critical, Giorgio Morandi". Artcritical.com. October 2004. Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
7. ^ Marzona, Daniel (2004). Daniel Marzona, Uta Grosenick; Minimal art, p.12. ISBN9783822830604 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
8. ^ Battcock, Gregory (3 August 1995). Gregory Battcock, Minimal Fine art: a disquisitional anthology, pp 161–172. ISBN9780520201477 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
9. ^ Hannah Weitemeier, Yves Klein, 1928–1962: International Klein Blue, Original-Ausgabe (Cologne: Taschen, 1994), fifteen. ISBN 3-8228-8950-4.
10. ^ "Restoring the Immaterial: Written report and Treatment of Yves Klein's Blue Monochrome (IKB42)". Modern Paint Uncovered.
11. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 8–xi.
12. ^ Ostwald, Michael; Vaughan, Josephine (2016). The Fractal Dimension of Architecture. Mathematics and the Congenital Environment. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser; Springer International Publishing. p. 316. ISBN9783319324241.
13. ^ ^{a b} Cerver 1997, p. 13.
14. ^ Johnson 1947, p. 49.
15. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. x.
16. ^ ^{a b} Rossell 2005, p. half-dozen
17. ^ ^{a b c} Pawson 1996, p. vii
18. ^ ^{a b} Bertoni 2002, pp. 15–16
19. ^ ^{a b} Bertoni 2002, p. 21
20. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 8.
21. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 87–88.
22. ^ 森神逍遥 『侘び然び幽玄のこころ』桜の花出版、2015年 Morigami Shouyo, " Wabi sabi yugen no kokoro: seiyo tetsugaku o koeru joi ishiki " (Japanese) ISBN 978-4434201424
23. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 85–97.
24. ^ Lancaster 1953, pp. 217–224.
25. ^ Saito 2007, p. 87.
26. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 98.
27. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 23.
28. ^ Saito 2007, p. 85.
29. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. 10–11.
30. ^ Saito 2007, p. 86.
31. ^ Bertoni 2002, pp. 96–106.
32. ^ Puglisi, 50. P. (2008), New Directions in Contermporary Architecture, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.
33. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. eighteen–29.
34. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. x–fourteen.
35. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 170–177.
36. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 182.
37. ^ Wiegand, David (2009-12-19). "Serendipitous stay led writer to Raymond Carver". San Francisco Relate . Retrieved 2022-03-31 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
38. ^ Davies, Paul. "Samuel Beckett". Literary Encyclopedia . Retrieved ii December 2016.
39. ^ "From the Ruins of Europe: Lyacos'south Debt-Riddled Greece" past Joseph Labernik, Tikkun, 21 Baronial 2015
40. ^ "The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge | Editor Note past Ada Fetters". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine ^{[ expressionless link ]}
41. ^ Bernard, Jonathan W. (Winter 1993). "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music. 31 (one): 87. doi:10.2307/833043. JSTOR 833043. , citing Dan Warburton equally his authorisation.
42. ^ Warburton, Dan. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music". Retrieved xi January 2014.
43. ^ Nyman, Michael (11 October 1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator. Vol. 221, no. 7320. pp. 518–519 (519).
44. ^ "Yves Klein (1928–1962)". documents/biography. Yves Klein Archives & McDourduff. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
45. ^ Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-iii, p. 226: "This symphony, xl minutes in length (in fact 20 minutes followed by 20 minutes of silence) is constituted of a single 'audio' stretched out, deprived of its assail and terminate which creates a sensation of vertigo, whirling the sensibility outside fourth dimension."
46. ^ See also at YvesKleinArchives.org a 1998 sound excerpt of The Monotone Symphony Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Car (Wink plugin required), its short description Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Motorcar, and Klein'south "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto" Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (including a summary of the two-part Symphony).
47. ^ Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Style in Film. 2017 Toronto International Film Festival – via YouTube.
48. ^ "Taste of Cherry | Cinematheque". Cleveland Institute of Fine art. September 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-14 .
49. ^ Gautaman Bhaskaran (2019-10-23). "It Must Exist Heaven: Elia Suleiman's sardonic take on the world". Arab News . Retrieved 2022-01-14 .
50. ^ "Films by The Minimalists". The Minimalists . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .
51. ^ Hyun Yeul Lee'due south speech on Samsung Galaxy Unpacked 2015 – Episode 1 (2015-03-01). Notice the excessive usage of marketing buzzwords
52. ^ Samsung stand-by menu earlier and since Android five.
53. ^ Screenshot of Samsung Milky way S4 settings menu with Android 4.iv.2 (before update) and Android 5.0 (after update), reducing edge lines and using more abstract icons rather than skeumorphs.
54. ^ Samsung's chromium-based Internet browser (Google Play store: "com.sec.android.app.sbrowser").
55. ^ Mennel, Stephan. All Manners of Food: eating and taste in England and France from the Center Ages to the present. 2nd ed., (Chicago: Academy of Illinois Printing, 1996), 163-164.
56. ^ Susie, Faux. "Sheathing Wardrobe". Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
57. ^ "Donna Karan". voguepedia. Faddy. Archived from the original on fourteen April 2012. Retrieved six April 2012.
58. ^ Information: "Land + Sea (1850 – Recent) / Monthly Global Average Temperature (annual summary)". Berkeley World. 2019. Archived from the original on December eight, 2021. Retrieved July four, 2019.
59. ^ Kahn, Brian (June 17, 2019). "This Striking Climate Change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved July ten, 2019.
60. ^ Staff, Science AF (May 25, 2018). "This Has Got to Be 1 of The Well-nigh Beautiful And Powerful Climate change Visuals We've Ever Seen". Science Alert. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019.
61. ^ ^{a b} Kahn, Brian (May 25, 2018). "This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Architecture, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN iii-7643-6642-seven.
• Cerver, Francisco Asencio (1997). The Architecture of Minimalism. New York: Arco. ISBN0-8230-6149-3.
• Johnson, Philip (1947). Mies van der Rohe. Museum of Modern Art.
• Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the U.s. before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture". The Art Bulletin. 35 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1080/00043079.1953.11408188.
• Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Printing. ISBN0-7148-3262-half dozen.
• Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Design. ISBN0-688-17487-half-dozen.
• Saito, Yuriko (Winter 2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Periodical of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 65 (one): 85–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00240.x.

Further reading [edit]

• Chayka, Kyle (2020). The Longing for Less: Living with Minimalism. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN9781635572100.
• Keenan, David, and Michael Nyman (4 February 2001). "Claim to Frame". Sunday Herald

External links [edit]

• Media related to Minimalism at Wikimedia Eatables
• Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Thou Palais des Champs-Elysées
• "A Brusk History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we at present draw as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The Nation

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism

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